1.
Sources and Pharmacology
Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum) is a common spice and herb used historically for various diseases related to gastrointesinal disorder and dental or oral dysfunction.[1] It is most commonly known in the supplemental realm for its piperine content, but also contains pellitorine, guineensine, pipnoohine, trichostachine, and piperonal.[1]
2.
Enterohepatic Effects
Piperine is known for changing metabolism of various drugs and supplements, most notably increasing curcumin bioavailability by 2000%.[2] It affects metabolism by both intestinal absorption as well as downregulating or inhibiting phase II detoxification enzymes and the glucuronidation process in the liver.[3] It may also contribute to increase absorption by slowing intestinal transit rate and thus prolonging the time said compounds are exposed to the potential uptake.[4]
3.
Gastric and Systemic Effects
4.
Safety and toxicity
There exist preliminary evidence that black pepper as a food substance poses carcinogenic effects via some procarcingenic constituents such as safrole and tannins, and some terpene compounds. These procarcinogenic effects were noted with topical application.[6]: Evidence of carcinogenicity]. These effects, however, were not noted with oral ingestion[7] despite rodent hypersensitivity to piperine.[8]
It is generally recognized as safe for human consumption.[9]
References
- ^Rao VR, Raju SS, Sarma VU, Sabine F, Babu KH, Babu KS, Rao JMSimultaneous determination of bioactive compounds in Piper nigrum L. and a species comparison study using HPLC-PDANat Prod Res.(2011 Aug)
- ^Shoba G, Joy D, Joseph T, Majeed M, Rajendran R, Srinivas PSInfluence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteersPlanta Med.(1998 May)
- ^Han HKThe effects of black pepper on the intestinal absorption and hepatic metabolism of drugsExpert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol.(2011 Jun)
- ^Bajad S, Bedi KL, Singla AK, Johri RKPiperine inhibits gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit in rats and micePlanta Med.(2001 Mar)
- ^Ononiwu IM, Ibeneme CE, Ebong OOEffects of piperine on gastric acid secretion in albino ratsAfr J Med Med Sci.(2002 Dec)
- ^Black pepper [piper nigrum
- ^Lack of Adverse Influence of Black Pepper, Its Oleoresin and Piperine in the Weanling Rat
- ^Piyachaturawat P, Glinsukon T, Toskulkao CAcute and subacute toxicity of piperine in mice, rats and hamstersToxicol Lett.(1983 May)
- ^Srinivasan KBlack pepper and its pungent principle-piperine: a review of diverse physiological effectsCrit Rev Food Sci Nutr.(2007)