1.
Structure and Sources
L-Threonate is a deriviative of L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (which in and of itself is a derivative of Ascorbic Acid, otherwise known as Vitamin C).
2.
Effects on Hair Loss
L-threonate is able to repress the expression of a gene known as dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) which is upregulated by Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in male pattern baldness when co-cultured.[1] It seems to work similarily to L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate via alkaline phosphatase activity and releasing ascorbic acid into the cell.[2][3]
3.
Effects on Bone Metabolism
Independent of its use as a conjugate to Calcium as Calcium-L-Threonate (to be discussed), L-Threonate has been investigated for its usage in bone health. It has been implicated as working synergistically with calcium in the production of collagen and mineralized nodules.[4][5] and augments the uptake of ascorbic acid into fibroblasts.[6] By itself, L-threonate can also act on osteoclasts in an anti-osteoporotic manner.[7]
4.
Use as a mineral chelation
5.
Safety and Toxicity
The safety and toxicity of L-threonate has not been investigated.
References
- ^Kwack MH, Ahn JS, Kim MK, Kim JC, Sung YKPreventable effect of L-threonate, an ascorbate metabolite, on androgen-driven balding via repression of dihydrotestosterone-induced dickkopf-1 expression in human hair dermal papilla cellsBMB Rep.(2010 Oct)
- ^Effects of ascorbic acid and ascorbic acid 2-phosphate, a long-acting vitamin C derivative, on the proliferation and differentiation of human osteoblast-like cells
- ^Kwack MH, Kim MK, Kim JC, Sung YKL-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate represses the dihydrotestosterone-induced dickkopf-1 expression in human balding dermal papilla cellsExp Dermatol.(2010 Dec)
- ^Enhanced Production of Mineralized Nodules and Collagenous Proteins In Vitro by Calcium Ascorbate Supplemented With Vitamin C Metabolites
- ^Wang HY, Hu P, Jiang JPharmacokinetics and safety of calcium L-threonate in healthy volunteers after single and multiple oral administrationsActa Pharmacol Sin.(2011 Dec)
- ^Fay MJ, Bush MJ, Verlangieri AJEffect of aldonic acids on the uptake of ascorbic acid by 3T3 mouse fibroblasts and human T lymphoma cellsGen Pharmacol.(1994 Nov)
- ^He JH, Tong NW, Li HQ, Wu JEffects of L-threonate on bone resorption by osteoclasts in vitroSichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban.(2005 Mar)
- ^Li XX, Chen XL, Zhang MH, Wang YH, Da WM, Li JYA randomized controlled and multicenter clinical study of ferrous L-threonate in treatment of iron deficiency anemiaZhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi.(2005 Nov)
- ^Tian W, Lin XMEffects of iron supplementation on human serum level of transferrin receptorZhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi.(2004 Sep)
- ^Abumaria N, Yin B, Zhang L, Li XY, Chen T, Descalzi G, Zhao L, Ahn M, Luo L, Ran C, Zhuo M, Liu GEffects of elevation of brain magnesium on fear conditioning, fear extinction, and synaptic plasticity in the infralimbic prefrontal cortex and lateral amygdalaJ Neurosci.(2011 Oct 19)
- ^Slutsky I, Abumaria N, Wu LJ, Huang C, Zhang L, Li B, Zhao X, Govindarajan A, Zhao MG, Zhuo M, Tonegawa S, Liu GEnhancement of learning and memory by elevating brain magnesiumNeuron.(2010 Jan 28)
- ^Gao SL, Chen SP, Ju ZF, Li HYFTIR studies of L-threonic acid and its metal compoundsGuang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi.(2003 Apr)